Fig. 1
From: Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities
Influence of gut mycobiota on intestinal immunity. (a) When triggered by Aspergillus and Rhizopus, DCs promote Th17 responses. (b) CX3CR1+ macrophages and neutrophils are beneficial for early Candida control by inducing robust Th17 responses with production of high levels of IL-17 and IL-22. (c) Likewise, invading C. albicans and Aspergillus trigger neutrophilic MDSCs and production of IL-1β. (d) A. fumigatus memory T cells show cross-reactivity with C. albicans because they have a shared TCR sequence. (e) Likewise, C. albicans-reactive T cells cross-react with other gut fungi by producing IL-17. (f) ASCA and IgG (stimulated by C. albicans or S. cerevisiae) from B cells are able to anti-intestinal fungus. Besides, B cells also participate in anti-fungal immunity in an antibody-independent manner, and IL-6 from B cells enhances anti-fungal Th17 responses. DCs, Dendritic cells; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; TCR, T cell receptor; ASCA, Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody. Arrows represent activation and horizontal lines represent suppression