Fig. 5

Effect of 1-month infant fecal water exposure in epithelial (a) and macrophages-like (b) cell lines after 24 h. a Cytokine production by HT-29 cells after exposure to fecal water from neonates born by C-Section (CS), vaginal delivery at hospital (VAG), and homebirth (HB). IL6 production in HT-29 cell line was below detection limit. b Cytokine production of THP1 cells after 24 h exposure to fecal water of each group. Data was presented as median and whiskers represented the 5–95 percentile. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post hoc (FDR adjustment) test was used to test the significance of the differences in cytokine response between the groups. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. C-section (CS), hospitalized vaginal delivery (VAG), and homebirth (HB)