Fig. 7

Effects of Paenalcaligenes hominis extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the occurrence of cognitive impairment and colitis in mice with or without vagotomy. A Effects on the occurrence of cognitive impairment in Y-maze task. B Effects on the BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Effects on the BDNF⁺/NeuN⁺ (C), NF-κB⁺/Iba1⁺ (D), LPS⁺/Iba1⁺ (E), and IL-1R⁺ cell populations (F) in the hippocampus. G Effects on the IL-1β levels in the blood, assessed by ELISA. H Effects on the endotoxin levels in the blood, assessed by LAL assay kit. Effects on the colon length (I), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (J), IL-1β expression (K), and NF-κB⁺/CD11c⁺ cell population (L) in the colon. M Effects on the endotoxin levels in the feces. EV and LPS were orally gavaged for 5 days in mice with or without vagotomy. Control mice with (Vx) and without vagotomy (NC) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of bacterial suspension. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (n = 6). Means with the same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). A, G, H, I, J, K, M One-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test