Fig. 4
The stability of colonization with Paenalcaligenes hominis or Escherichia coli in SPF mice and their vertical transmission. A The colonizing stabilities of Escherichia coli (EC) in male (a) and female mice (b) and Paenalcaligenes hominis (PH) in male (c) and female mice (d). B The recovery of Paenalcaligenes hominis- or Escherichia coli-induced cognitive impairment (a) and IL-1β expression in the hippocampus (b) 30 days after its gavage. C The recovery of Paenalcaligenes hominis- or Escherichia coli-induced myeloperoxidase activity (a) and IL-1β expression in the colon (b) 30 days after its gavage. D Vertical transmission of Escherichia coli (a) or Paenalcaligenes hominis (b). Paenalcaligenes hominis or Escherichia coli (1 × 109 CFU/mice/day) was orally gavaged for 5 days, and cognitive function was assayed in the Y-maze task 18 h after the final gavage. The feces and brain and colon tissues were collected 5 h after the final behavioral test. The offspring feces were collected on the postnatal day 14. Paenalcaligenes hominis or Escherichia coli strain-specific discrimination was performed by qPCR using DNA isolated from the fecal samples at the indicated time points (days after colonization). Control mice (NC) were treated with vehicle (saline) instead of bacterial suspension. Data values were indicated as mean ± SD (n = 6). Means with the same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). A, B, C One-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. D Two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametric analysis