Fig. 7

OTA-originated microbiota induces liver inflammation. a Liver LPS level in FMT (CON) and FMT (OTA) ducks. b Relative mRNA expressions of TLR4, MYD88, IKBα, IL-6, and TNF-α in the liver after FMT (n = 6, mean with SEM). c Relative protein abundance of TLR4, MYD88, p-IKBα, p-IKBα/IKBα, and p-p65 in the liver after FMT (n = 6, mean with SEM). d Effect of FMT on the liver levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 (n = 6, mean with SEM). e Representative H&E-stained liver sections. f Statistical analysis of the percentage of inflammatory cells in different groups shown in e (n = 6, mean with SEM). g Serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH in different groups (n = 6, mean with SEM). h Serum LPS level in different FMT groups (n = 6, mean with SEM). i Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α after FMT (n = 6, mean with SEM). FMT (CON): ducks received the CON group fecal microbiota. FMT (OTA): ducks received the OTA group fecal microbiota. Data were analyzed with unpaired t test, n = 6. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, ****P<0.0001