Fig. 3

OTA promotes liver inflammation. a Relative mRNA expressions of TLR4, MYD88, IKBα, IL-6, and TNF-α in the liver after OTA oral gavage (n = 6, mean with SEM). b Relative protein abundances of TLR4, MYD88, p-IKBα, p-IKBα/IKBα, and p-p65 in the liver after OTA oral gavage (n = 6, mean with SEM). c Effect of OTA on levels of liver cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ (n = 6, mean with SEM). d Representative images of H&E-stained liver sections in CON and OTA group (magnification × 400, scale bar 100 μm, n = 6). e Statistical analysis of the percentage of inflammatory cells in different groups shown in d (n = 6, mean with SEM). f Effect of OTA on serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and LDH (n = 6, mean with SEM). g Serum LPS level with or without OTA treatment (n = 6, mean with SEM). h Effect of OTA on serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 (n = 6, mean with SEM). Data in a, b, c, e, f, g, and h were analyzed with unpaired t test, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, P<0.0001