Fig. 4

Antibiotics regulate cytokines by microbiota-associated metabolites. a–d Plasma levels of IFN-γ (a), IL-2(b), IL-6(c), and TNF- α(d) in WT, SF, SFA, SFM, and SFV mice (n = 6–9). e Level of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells treated with DMSO (blank), LPS, taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (TCA), sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) (n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001