Fig. 2
A high-fructose diet induces gut dysbiosis, SCFAs reduction, and colonic epithelial barrier impairment in C57BL/6N mice. a PCoA based on the relative abundance of bacterial OTU, b Chao1 diversity indexes of bacterial community, c relative abundance of bacterial phyla, and d SCFA concentrations in fecal samples (n = 7). e Colon histopathology (bars, 50 μm). f Endotoxin and FITC-dextran levels in serum (n = 8). g Representative transmission electron micrographs of colon epithelial cells (bars, 1 μm). Arrows indicate gap junctions between two neighbored cells. Asterisks indicate the mitochondria in epithelial cells. h Immunoblot analysis for protein levels of Muc2, occludin, and ZO-1 in colon tissue (n = 6). Quantification: band intensity normalized to β-actin. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significant difference. C control group, F1 eight-week fructose-fed group, AB antibiotics-treated group