Pathofunction | Mode | Associated disease | References |
---|---|---|---|
TMA(O) | Metabolite | CVD, T2D, kidney disease | |
LCA/DCA | Metabolite | CRC, liver cancer | [13] |
Hydrogen sulfide | Metabolite | IBD, pouchitis, CRC | |
Indole/phenol/p-cresol | Metabolite | IBD, CVD, renal failure | [54] |
N-Nitrosamine | Metabolite | Stomach cancer | [55] |
Ammonia | Metabolite | Several conditions (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy) | [56] |
Branched-chain amino acids | Metabolite | Obesity-associated insulin resistance | [37] |
4-Ethylphenylsulfate | Metabolite | Neurodevelopmental disorders | [57] |
Uric acid | Metabolite | Gout | [58] |
Bacterial proteases | Enzyme | IBD | [59] |