A metagenomic study of the gut microbiome in Behcet’s disease

Microbiome

Table 1 Links between the disturbed gut microbiome and their possible immune signaling pathway in BD patients

Disturbed gut microbiome	Enriched group	Species	Possible PAMP	Possible PRP	Possible related immune cells	Possible related immune cytokine	Reference
SRB	BD	Bilophila spp.	LPS, H2S	TLR4	Upregulation Th1 cells	IFN-γ	[7, 39, 60]
Opportunistic pathogens	BD	Stenotrophomonas spp., Actinomyces spp.,Corynebacterium spp., Paraprevotella spp.	T3SS, T4SS, LPS, PGN	TLR2, TLR4	Upregulation Th1 and Th17 cells	Unknown	[5, 18, 34, 35, 50, 56]
BPB	N	Clostridium spp.	Butyrate	TLR-MyD88	Unregulation Treg cell	IL-10	[16, 46, 66]
Methanogens	N	Methanoculleus spp., Methanomethylophilus spp.	Methane	TLR-MyD88	Macrophages	IL-10	[32]

SRB sulfate-reducing bacteria; BPB butyrate-producing bacteria; PAMP pathogen-associated molecular pattern; PRP pattern recognition receptors; BD Behcet’s disease; N normal controls; PGN peptidoglycan; LPS lipopolysaccharides; TLR Toll-like receptors; H2S hydrogen sulfide; T3SS type III secretion system; T4SS type IV secretion system

ISSN: 2049-2618