Table 1 Influence of chemotherapeutic treatments on intestinal microbiota profiles

5-Fluorouracil

Increase in Gram-negative anaerobes

Increased translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes

[41]

Increase in Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Escherichia coli and decrease in Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp.

[42]

Cycles I and II: high-dose cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide; cycle III: amsacrine, high-dose cytarabine, and etoposide; cycle IV: mitoxantrone and high-dose cytarabine

Lower total number and diversity of intestinal bacteria; decrease in Bacteroides spp., Clostridium cluster XIVa, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Bifidobacterium spp.; increase in pathogenic enterococci and decrease in streptococci

[43]

Cyclophosphamide

Decrease in Clostridium cluster XIVa, Roseburia, Lachnospiraceae, Coprococcus, lactobacilli, and enterococci

Increased translocation of Gram-positive species to mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen

[21]

Increased Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci

Increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio

[44]

Increased Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia, Alphaproteobacteria, Lachnospiraceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Staphylococcaceae; decreased Bacteroidetes, Bacilli, Clostridia, Coriobacteriia, Mollicutes, Prevotellaceae, S24-7, Alcaligenaceae, and Rhodospirillaceae; disappeared Verrucomicrobia and Streptococcaceae

[45]

Irinotecan

Increased Clostridium cluster XI (including Peptoclostridium difficile) and Enterobacteriaceae

[46]

High-dose carmustine, etoposide, aracytine, and melphalan

Increased Proteobacteria, decreased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria

[47]

Gemcitabine

Increased Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Akkermansia muciniphila, Escherichia coli and Peptoclostridium difficile; decreased Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidales, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Lactobacillus animalis

[48]