Fig. 5

Network analyses of microbiome and host metabolic phenotype interactions. Host-microbiota interaction network built from Spearman’s non-parametric rank correlation coefficient (P < 0.05) between host parameters (mother and offspring pre-HFD n-6/n-3 ratio, body weight, IP, and LBP) and microbial parameters (pre- and post-HFD OTUs with FDR-corrected p values < 0.05, FIR/BAC ratio, and Shannon ADI) for a pre-HFD and b post-HFD. Each node was colored according to the modularity score and nodes were grouped as three (a) or four (b) modules. Lines represent statistically significant correlations and are colored red for positive and green for negative correlations. c Partial least square (PLS)-regression loading score plot illustrating the association between host parameters (dependent variables—Y) and microbial parameters (explanatory variables—X; red dots). Explanatory variables of interest with variable importance in the projection (VIP) scores 1 or > 1 were labeled with circles on the red dots. Samples from four different groups (fat-1/WT, WT/fat-1, fat-1/fat-1, WT/WT) were observed (green dots) and grouped using circles based on where they clustered on the plot. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) was applied. d Multiple factor analysis (MFA) using Spearman type principal component analysis of host and microbiota data. One end of the each connecting line for an observation indicates the host parameters (differently colored to indicate the groups) and another end (red) indicates the microbiota