Table 1 Clinical variables of GDM and normoglycaemic women in the third trimester pregnancy

 Age (years)

34.4 (4.4)

33.3 (4.6)

0.1

 Gestational week at examination

28.7 (1.4)

28.4 (1.1)

0.1

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

118 (11.2)

111 (10.6)

0.001

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

71 (8.1)

67 (8.5)

0.001

 Height (cm)

168.6 (6.6)

169.7 (5.6)

0.2

 Weight (kg)

91.8 (14.1)

87.3 (14.6)

0.06

 Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) (n = 190)

83.5 (16.0) (n = 43)

78.48 (15.2) (n = 145)

0.06

 Pre-pregnancy BMI kg/m²(n = 189)

29.3 (5.6) (n = 43)

27.1 (4.8) (n = 144)

0.02

 Weight gain (kg)

7.4 (4.7)

8.8 (7.5)

0.3

 Normal and excessive weight gain (n)

3 excessive (13.0%)

20 normal (87.0%)

17 excessive (16.2%)

88 normal (83.8%)

1

 Glucose at time 0 min (mmol/L)

5.2 (0.4)

4.6 (0.2)

5.8 × 10⁻³¹

 Glucose at time 30 min (mmol/L)

8.1 (1.0)

6.9 (0.9)

2.7 × 10⁻¹²

 Glucose at time 60 min (mmol/L)

8.9 (1.3)

7.1 (1.2)

1.9 × 10⁻¹⁵

 Glucose at time 120 min (mmol/L)

7.9 (1.4)

6.2 (1.0)

5.0 × 10⁻¹⁷

 Insulin at time 0 min (pmol/L)

112.1 (40.6)

82.7 (39.6)

3.3 × 10⁻⁵

 Insulin at time 30 min (pmol/L)

519.7 (1.6)

504.3 (1.7)

0.7

 Insulin at time 60 min (pmol/L)

698.0 (1.8)

583.9 (1.7)

0.058

 Insulin at time 120 min (pmol/L)

750.5 (1.8)

482.2 (1.7)

6.3 × 10⁻⁶

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

34.0 (3.1)

33.0 (2.8)

0.02

 HOMA-IR

2.1 (0.8)

1.5 (0.7)

1.3 × 10⁻⁶

 Matsuda index

3.5 (1.5)

5.3 (1.6)

3.0 × 10⁻⁸

 Disposition index

4.1 (1.6)

7.8 (1.6)

9.2 × 10⁻¹²

 Insulinogenic index

1.2 (1.6)

1.5 (1.6)

0.004

 hsCRP (mg/L)

4.4 (1.9)

3.8 (2.2)

0.2