Fig. 3

Heatmap of fold changes and the correlations of the taxa related to alcohol drinking level. a Fold change for moderate drinkers (N = 614) and heavy drinkers (N = 160) compared to non-drinkers (N = 270) was estimated by DESeq function, adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, education, smoking status, and study. One star (*) indicates FDR-adjusted q < 0.10, two stars (**) indicate q < 0.05, and three stars (***) indicate q < 0.01, in the DESeq2 analysis. b Pearson’s linear correlation matrix of the selected taxa. For correlation analysis, counts were normalized for DESeq2 size factors and log2 transformed after adding a pseudocount of 1. Strong positive correlations are indicated by dark red and strong negative correlations by dark slate-gray. Color coding of taxa names represents the phylum to which each taxa belongs, as follows: Firmicutes (blue), Bacteroidetes (green), Actinobacteria (brown), Fusobacteria (red), and Proteobacteria (purple)