Fig. 6

Metabolic potentials of PW microbiomes in sulfur and nitrogen cycles as well as hydrocarbon biodegradation. The relative abundance of signature genes encoding enzymes associated with the respective pathway in PW microbiomes from various stages was expressed as TPM (total transcripts per million) and represented by color blocks that correspond to the PW of June, July, August 3rd, August 11th, and September (from left to right). a Metabolic potential predictions of sulfur-cycling pathways, including dissimilatory sulfate reduction, thiosulfate oxidation and reduction, assimilatory sulfate reduction, and sulfide oxidation. b Metabolic potential predictions of six distinct nitrogen-cycling pathways, including dissimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification, assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). The genes responsible for nitrification and anammox were not detected. Multiple NR-SOB can channel electron transfer between nitrate reduction and sulfide oxidation. c The metabolic capacity of MAG members and PW microbiomes from various stages. The left heatmap shows the aggregated abundance of all signature genes encoding the individual metabolic pathway in PW microbiomes. The right heatmap gives the presence percentage of signature genes involved in metabolic pathways across 43 reconstructed high-quality draft genomes spanning 9 phyla. Abundance was normalized by the completeness of MAGs to eliminate the influence of incomplete assembly on the prediction of gene presence