Fig. 5

Experiment 1 of microcosm study. a Diagram of experiment 1 design. b, c The functional stability and incubated biodiversity after low and high resource incubations. Dots with error bars represent mean values and standard error of mean (n = 6) (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ns, not significant). d Relationship between incubated biodiversity and functional stability after low and high resource incubations. The solid and dotted lines represent the significant and non-significant relationships, respectively. e Radar chart of the proportion of cross- and within trophic associations after high and low resource incubations. Different lowercase letters with brown and red colors represent significant differences of the proportion of cross-trophic and within trophic associations, respectively. f Relationship between cross-trophic association and functional stability after low and high resource incubations. WG, wheat grass medium; C-Low (light blue dots), soil suspension from C (control) was cultivated in low resource medium (1/100 diluted WG); C-High (dark blue dots), soil suspension from C (control) was cultivated in high resource medium (WG); M-Low (light red dots), soil suspension from M (NPKM) was cultivated in low resource medium; M-High (dark red dots), soil suspension from M (NPKM) was cultivated in high resource medium