Fig. 4

No significant difference in the survival rate was observed between the axenic and non-axenic larvae after M. rileyi infection. A Survival curves of H. armigera larvae injected with A. johnsonii, S. rhizophila, E. ludwigii, or PBS (as control). B Survival curves of the axenic and non-axenic larvae injected with M. rileyi blastospores or PBS (as control). C Representative phenotypes of the axenic and non-axenic larvae injected with blastospores or PBS. H. armigera was photographed at 156 hpi. Asterisks represent significant differences (**p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001) for pairwise comparisons by log-rank test. ns, no significant difference