Fig. 1

Distribution of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) among different food fermentation types from 4 continents. A The abundance of food fermentation samples in different food fermentation types. B The number of food fermentation samples with known origins in four continents. C The number of all MAGs and unknown MAGs in different food fermentation types. MAGs, which could not be annotated by GTDB-tk (ANI < 95%), were defined as unknown MAGs. D Taxonomic annotation (assigned to species level) and phylogenetic tree of 653 bacterial MAGs. The clusters were classified based on the taxonomic classification of each MAG. FC1, Lactobacillaceae; FC2, Streptococcaceae; FC3, Bacillaceae, Bacillaceae_C, Bacillaceae_D, Bacillaceae_G, Anoxybacillaceae, Amphibacillaceae and Thermoactinomycetaceae; PC1, Gammaproteobacteria; PC2, Alphaproteobacteria; and AC1, Actinobacteriota. E Distribution of the habitat-specific species in different food fermentation types. The bars represent the numbers of habitat-specific species in each food fermentation type. The triangles represent the ratios of habitat-specific species number to the total species number in different food fermentation types. The pie chart represents the ratio of habitat-specific species in all food fermentation samples