Table 1 Plasma physiological parameters, inflammation, oxidative stress, and phenotypic characteristics in dairy cows with low (LOS) and high oxidative stress (HOS)

Physiological parameters

 Alanine aminotransferase, U/L

17.8

17.6

1.46

0.92

 Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

109

110

12.0

0.93

 Total protein, g/L

68.7

71.1

2.45

0.34

 Albumin, g/L

31.9

34.0

1.07

0.07

 Glucose, mM

3.31

3.64

0.21

0.13

 Blood urea nitrogen, mM

4.48

3.95

0.50

0.31

 Creatinine, μM

87.3

98.2

8.63

0.23

 Cholesterol, mM

2.50

2.40

0.27

0.71

 Triglyceride, mM

0.10

0.10

0.007

0.96

 β-hydroxybutyrate, μM

862

1,020

162

0.33

 Nonesterified fatty acid, μM

641

823

171

0.30

Inflammation biomarkers

 Haptoglobin, U/L

338

378

38.2

0.31

 Serum amyloid A, μg/mL

36.7

39.6

3.08

0.36

Oxidative stress biomarkers

 Superoxide dismutase, U/mL

175

192

8.62

0.07

 Total antioxidant capacity, mM

0.53

0.51

0.02

0.30

 Catalase, U/mL

1.07

1.07

0.07

0.98

 Glutathione peroxidase, U/mL

38.4

27.8

4.73

0.04

 Malondialdehyde, nmol/mL

3.94

2.81

0.85

0.20

 Total oxidative status, μM

183

517

80.8

 < 0.01

 Oxidative stress index^a

0.34

1.02

0.18

 < 0.01

Phenotypic characteristics

 Milk yield, kg/d

36.8

35.3

3.73

0.70

 Parity

2.13

2.22

0.54

0.86

 Body condition scores

2.67

2.96

0.25

0.26