Fig. 5
The integration analysis of the significantly differential microbes, microbial function, and metabolites. A The Spearman correlations between the significantly differential microbiota and the enriched metabolic pathways. The genera and species were selected from the significantly differential microbiota that were significantly correlated with oxidative stress status, and the pathways were enriched in the gut microbial functional analysis. *Represents the correlation P value < 0.05, **P value < 0.01, and ***P value < 0.001. B Integration of significantly different metabolic pathways involved in glutathione synthesis between HOS and LOS cows. KEGG Orthology (KO) entries with red and green words represent what was significantly increased and decreased in HOS compared with LOS, respectively, and black words indicate no significant difference observed between the two groups. The metabolites with red words represent the identified metabolites from microbiota or cometabolism by metabolome analysis and increased in the HOS cows. The names of the significant KO entries are as follows: K02591: nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein beta chain [EC:1.18.6.1], K00266: glutamate synthase (NADPH) small chain [EC:1.4.1.13], K01776: glutamate racemase [EC:5.1.1.3], K01777: proline racemase [EC:5.1.1.4], K07250: 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase/(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase/5-aminovalerate transaminase [EC:2.6.1.19 2.6.1.22 2.6.1.48], K01620: threonine aldolase [EC:4.1.2.48], K00600: glycine hydroxymethyltransferase [EC:2.1.2.1], K00812: aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1], and K00824: D-alanine transaminase [EC:2.6.1.21], K01919: glutamate–cysteine ligase [EC:6.3.2.2], K01920: glutathione synthase [EC:6.3.2.3], and K11358: aspartate aminotransferase [EC:2.6.1.1]