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Fig. 9 | Microbiome

Fig. 9

From: Sialic acid exacerbates gut dysbiosis-associated mastitis through the microbiota-gut-mammary axis by fueling gut microbiota disruption

Fig. 9

Sialic acid facilitates mastitis by promoting the growth and virulence of Enterobacteriaceae. A A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to identify the differential bacterial taxa in the A and AN groups (FDR < 0.05) (n = 8). B The effect of different monosaccharides on the growth of E. coli was determined in M9 medium (n = 3). C, D. E. coli was cultured with 2.5, 5, or 10 mM Neu5Ac or glucose for 6 h, and the relative mRNA levels of ler (C) and tir (D) were measured using qPCR (n = 3). E, F. E. coli was cultured with 10 mM Neu5Ac or glucose for 6 h, and then macrophages (106 cells/mL in 6-well plates) were treated with different concentrations of E. coli for 24 h. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (E) and IL-1β (F) were measured by ELISA (n = 3). G Representative images of H&E-stained mammary glands from the indicated groups (scale bar, 50 μm). H Histological scores of the mammary gland. TNF-α (I), IL-1β (J), MPO (K), fecal lipocalin-2 (M), and serum LPS (N) levels were determined (n = 6). L The TJ proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-3 were assessed by western blotting (n = 4). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (C–F, H–K, and M–N). Statistical significance in the same time was determined by Student’s t test (B). For C–F, two-way ANOVA was performed for statistical analysis (C–F). For H–K and M–N, one-way ANOVA was performed, followed by Tukey test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significance. ns, no significance. FDR, false discovery rate; T, sodium tungstate

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