Fig. 4

Differentially abundant KEGG pathways of fecal microbiomes of transition cows with varying lipolysis status. A Significantly different KEGG pathways of gut microbiome between LNF and HNF cows. B Simplified flow chart of the process of secondary bile acid synthesis (left) and the comparison of the abundance of major genes and entry pathways involved in the process. The P value was calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. PBA primary bile acid, SBA secondary bile acid. C Comparison of the concentration of fecal bile acids between LNF and HNF cows. D Concentration of plasma bile acids in LNF and HNF cows. E Spearman correlations between significantly different microbial species and significantly different fecal and bile acids between LNF and HNF cows. ^*P < 0.05, ^#0.05 < P < 0.1. TDCA taurodeoxycholic acid, TCA taurocholic acid, CDCA chenodeoxycholic acid, CA cholic acid, TCDCA taurochenodeoxycholic acid, GCA glycocholic acid, GCDCA glycochenodeoxycholic acid, HDCA hyodeoxycholic acid, THDCA taurohyodeoxycholic acid, AlloCA allocholic acid, UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid, DCA deoxycholic acid, LCA lithocholic acid, ApoCA apocholic acid, GDCA glycodeoxycholic acid, 7-KDCA, 7-ketodeoxycholic acid, 7-KLCA 7-ketolithocholic acid, 12-KLCA 12-ketolithocholic acid, 3-DHCA 3-dehydrocholic acid, TLCA taurolithocholic acid, GLCA glycolithocholic acid, total α-MCA α-Muricholic acid, γ-MCA γ-muricholic acid, isoLCA isolithocholic acid, TMCA tauro-muricholic acid, TUDCA tauroursodeoxycholic acid, TPBA total primary bile acid, TSBA total secondary bile acids