Fig. 5

Functional attribution and association of root endophytic bacterial taxa to RKN parasitism in tomato plants. A, B Significantly enriched functional pathways of tomato root endophytic bacterial taxa in healthy roots against RKN-parasitized samples IRH (A, non-gall part of disease root) or IRK (B, gall), based on FAPROTAX (p < 0.05). C, D Heatmaps showing the FAPROTAX-based functional pathways with higher relative abundance of OTUs enriched in non-gall part of root (C, IRH) or gall (D, IRK). Each row represents an OTU. The presence of functions is shown in red. E Venn diagram shows the overlapping of the identified proteins in healthy (HRC) and RKN-parasitized root samples (IRH and IRK) using metaproteomic data. F Quantitative analysis for the nitrogenase gene (nifH) of healthy and RKN-parasitized root samples at different growth and disease developmental stages, using quantitative PCR (qPCR). For descriptions of sample groups, see Fig. 2