Fig. 2

Spatial variation of polysaccharide degradation and fermentation pathways in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome in forage-based (F) and grain-based (G) diets, respectively. a Comparing the abundance of glycoside hydrolase (GH) and polysaccharide lyase (PL) families assigned to the relevant substrates of the microbiome in the 10 GIT regions, and a Z-score was used to correct abundance. The region-specific distribution of the peptidoglycan-degrading gene GH23 between the F and G diets was compared (Scheirer–Ray–Hare test; p_{Region × Diet} = 0.016). b Comparison of KO levels in carbon metabolism modules of the microbiome in 10 GIT regions; a Z-score was used for correcting abundance. The comparison of the region-specific distributions of K01848 (mcmA1) and K01026 (pct) between the F and G diets (Scheirer–Ray–Hare test; p_{Region × Diet} < 0.05). EMP, embden-meyerhof-parnas; HMP, hexose monophosphate pathway; ED, Entner-Doudoroff pathway; SP, succinate pathway; AP, acrylate pathway; PP, propanediol pathway; PCP, propionyl-CoA to propionate; PAC, pyruvate to acetyl-CoA; ACP, acetyl-CoA to acetate; WLP, Wood–Ljungdahl pathway; BP, butyrate production; M, methanogenesis. RUM, rumen; RET, reticulum; OMA, omasum; ABO, abomasum; DUO, duodenum; JEJ, jejunum; ILE, ileum; CEC, cecum; COL, colon; REC, rectum