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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study populations

From: Perturbed gut microbiome and fecal and serum metabolomes are associated with chronic kidney disease severity

Characteristics

Control (n = 20)

Mild-CKD (n = 15)

Mod-CKD (n = 27)

ESRD (n = 26)

p-value

Male, n (%)

7 (35.0)

7 (46.7)

8 (34.5)

12 (54.5)

0.143

Age (years), mean (SD)

56.1 (11.0)

53.0 (15.8)

60.4 (9.8)

59.8 (10.6)

0.365

BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)

22.8 (2.1)

25.3 (2.5)

25.6 (4.4)

23.8 (3.9)

0.052

Cause of CKD, n (%)

    

0.735

 Diabetes

1 (6.7)

5 (18.5)

8 (30.8)

 

 Hypertension

1 (6.7)

3 (11.1)

3 (11.5)

 

 Glomerulonephritis

4 (26.7)

6 (22.2)

5 (19.2)

 

 Nephrotic syndrome

3 (20.0)

5 (18.5)

3 (11.5)

 

 Polycystic kidney disease

1 (6.7)

2 (7.4)

2 (7.7)

 

 Others

5 (33.3)

6 (22.2)

5 (19.2)

 

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Type 2 diabetes

1 (6.7)

8 (29.6)

12 (46.2)

0.024

 Hypertension

3 (20.0)

19 (70.4)

20 (76.9)

 < 0.001

Laboratory index, median (IQR)

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

106.5 (98.2–117.0)

82.7 (67.8–107.1)

25.8 (19.0–40.3)

7.1 (4.9–9.6)

 < 0.001

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

57.5 (49.5–60.8)

87.5 (78.3–99.0)

181.0 (151.0–238.0)

593.0 (471.5–806.0)

 < 0.001

 WBC (× 1012/L)

6.3 (4.6–7.0)

5.9 (5.3–7.4)

6.7 (5.3–7.7)

5.9 (5.1–6.7)

0.408

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

144.5(136.3–152.8)

141.5 (126.0–149.5)

111.0 (98.0–129.0)

88.5 (77.8–101.0)

 < 0.001

 AST (U/L)

15.0 (12.5–23.0)

14.5 (9.4–23.5)

12.1 (8.7–22.0)

17.8 (10.7–37.0)

0.286

 ALT (U/L)

18.9 (16.5–22.3)

16.2 (15.2–22.3)

16.0 (15.5–20.5)

16.7 (11.0–23.8)

0.474

 Albumin (g/L)

47.6 (47.6–51.6)

42.4 (33.8–45.5)

40.0 (36.2–43.2)

36.5 (32.6–40.8)

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

1.7 (1.3–2.2)

1.9 (1.3–2.6)

2.3 (1.6–3.3)

1.4 (1.0–2.5)

0.073

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

4.6 (4.5–5.5)

4.8 (4.1–5.7)

4.3 (3.6–5.1)

4.2 (3.5–5.1)

0.209

  1. Abbreviations: CKD chronic kidney disease, mod-CKD moderate CKD, ESRD end-stage renal disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase