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Table 1 Associations between future early childhood caries case status and sociodemographic and behavioral measures, among pre-incident children from Appalachia

From: Evaluating the ecological hypothesis: early life salivary microbiome assembly predicts dental caries in a longitudinal case-control study

 

~2-month visita

~12-month visita

~24-month visita

Case, N = 991

Control, N = 911

p value2

Case, N = 891

Control, N = 811

p value2

Case, N = 731

Control, N = 691

p value2

 Child's race

  

0.8

  

0.8

  

0.3

 Bi- or multi-racial

10 (10%)

10 (11%)

 

8 (9.0%)

8 (9.9%)

 

5 (6.8%)

8 (12%)

 

 White

89 (90%)

81 (89%)

 

81 (91%)

73 (90%)

 

68 (93%)

61 (88%)

 

Child's sex

  

> 0.9

  

> 0.9

  

0.7

 Female

48 (48%)

44 (48%)

 

45 (51%)

41 (51%)

 

36 (49%)

32 (46%)

 

 Male

51 (52%)

47 (52%)

 

44 (49%)

40 (49%)

 

37 (51%)

37 (54%)

 

Site

  

0.6

  

0.7

  

0.7

 Pennsylvania

45 (45%)

45 (49%)

 

37 (42%)

36 (44%)

 

37 (50%)

37 (54%)

 

 West Virginia

54 (55%)

46 (51%)

 

52 (58%)

45 (56%)

 

37 (50%)

32 (46%)

 

Currently breastfed

  

0.07

  

0.2

  

> 0.9

 Currently breastfed

49 (49%)

57 (63%)

 

21 (24%)

27 (33%)

 

4 (5.5%)

4 (5.8%)

 

 Not currently breastfed

50 (51%)

34 (37%)

 

68 (76%)

54 (67%)

 

69 (95%)

65 (94%)

 

Maternal report of child antibiotics within 3 months prior to visit

8 (8.1%)

8 (8.8%)

0.9

24 (27%)

18 (22%)

0.5

20 (27%)

23 (33%)

0.4

Count of primary teeth erupted

0.0 (0.3)

0.0 (0.0)

0.2

6.1 (3.0)

6.1 (2.8)

0.9

16.4 (1.9)

16.0 (1.8)

0.12

Delivery

  

0.5

  

0.7

  

0.4

 C-section

35 (36%)

28 (31%)

 

33 (38%)

28 (35%)

 

28 (39%)

22 (32%)

 

 Vaginal

63 (64%)

63 (69%)

 

55 (62%)

53 (65%)

 

44 (61%)

47 (68%)

 

 Not reported

1

0

 

1

0

 

1

0

 

Maternal education reported at prenatal visit

  

< 0.001

  

<0.001

  

< 0.001

 Associates degree or higher

33 (33%)

57 (63%)

 

28 (31%)

51 (63%)

 

30 (41%)

48 (70%)

 

 High school degree or less

66 (67%)

34 (37%)

 

61 (69%)

30 (37%)

 

43 (59%)

21 (30%)

 

In the past 7 days, about how often did your child drink fruit juice (juice composed of 100% fruit juice)?

  

0.8

  

0.003

  

0.04

 Never or once

64 (94%)

47 (96%)

 

32 (37%)

53 (65%)

 

12 (17%)

21 (31%)

 

 Every few days

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

21 (24%)

10 (12%)

 

13 (19%)

20 (29%)

 

 Once a day

1 (1.5%)

1 (2.0%)

 

16 (18%)

10 (12%)

 

20 (29%)

11 (16%)

 

 Several times a day

3 (4.4%)

1 (2.0%)

 

18 (21%)

8 (10%)

 

24 (35%)

16 (24%)

 

 Missing or not reported

31

42

 

2

1

 

4

1

 

Child’s teeth brushed/wiped?

         

 No

1 (100%)

1 (100%)

 

8 (9.4%)

12 (15%)

0.3

1 (1.4%)

1 (1.4%)

> 0.9

 Yes, with toothpaste

   

35 (41%)

24 (30%)

 

65 (94%)

65 (94%)

 

 Yes, without toothpaste

   

42 (49%)

43 (54%)

 

3 (4.3%)

3 (4.3%)

 

 Missing or not reported

98

90

 

4

2

 

4

0

 
  1. 1 Mean (SD); n (%)
  2. 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher's exact test; Pearson’s chi-squared test
  3. a Includes duplicate records for 1 child selected as a control at 36 months and a case at 60 months, and 1 child selected as a control for both 36 and 60 month risk sets. Excludes samples from children diagnosed as a case at that visit and their corresponding risk-set controls (N = 6 at 12 months, N = 37 at 24 months)
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Microbiome

ISSN: 2049-2618

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