Fig. 3

Plasma cytokines and metabolite levels alter in CD progressors. A Cytokine profile of the CD progressors (n=7) in comparison to healthy controls (n=9) at age 5 was assessed by Luminex. Data were expressed as means ±SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. Statistical analysis was performed by a two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t test. B Partial least square-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) of plasma metabolites for CD progressors (n=7) and controls (n=9). C Volcano plot of plasma metabolites of CD progressors vs healthy controls with fold change threshold (|log₂ (FC)|>1.2) and t tests threshold (-log₁₀(p)>0.1). The red dots represent metabolites above the threshold. Fold changes are log₂ transformed, and p values are log₁₀ transformed. D Heatmap showing 50 of the most altered metabolites between CD progressors and healthy controls. Each column represents an individual participant, and each row represents a metabolite. E The pathway analysis (combined results from powerful pathway enrichment analysis with pathway topology analysis) identify the most altered metabolic pathways between CD progressors and healthy controls. Pathway impact value (x) is calculated from pathway topology analysis. p is the original p value calculated from the enrichment analysis and depicted on a logarithmic scale