Fig. 5

Similar Th17 cell inducing bacteria are increased in the microbiome of mice receiving depressed patients’ microbiomes compared to mice receiving healthy controls’ microbiomes. The microbiome of one subject was transferred to one germ-free-like recipient mouse. And mouse stools were analyzed 10 days after fecal transfer. A LDA is the linear discriminant analysis value from LEfSe and represents the species significantly increased in mice receiving depressed patients’ stools and exhibiting learned helplessness (red) or in non-learned helpless mice (green). B Fecal relative 16S expression of 15 Th17 cell inducing bacteria was analyzed by q-PCR in the stools of mice receiving either depressed patients’ microbiomes or healthy controls’ microbiomes. Each symbol represents an individual mouse. Data are means ± SEM. n = 9–10 mice/group, Mann Whitney, U = 18 (Clostridium bolteae), U = 16 (Coprobacillus sp.), *p < 0.05