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Fig. 5 | Microbiome

Fig. 5

From: Gut dysbiosis induces the development of mastitis through a reduction in host anti-inflammatory enzyme activity by endotoxemia

Fig. 5

M-RMT causes systemic immune imbalance and impairs the intestinal barrier in mice. A Representative ileum, colon, and liver H&E-stained sections from control, H-RMT, and M-RMT mice (scale bar, 50 μm). B Histological scores of the ileum, colon, and liver from different treatment groups (n = 7). C Proinflammatory gene expression in the colon was determined using qPCR (n = 7). D Fecal lipocalin-2 levels from the indicated mice (n = 7). Levels of serum TNF-α (E), IL-1β (F), and LPS (G) showed systemic inflammatory responses caused by M-RMT (n = 7). The mucus layer of the colons from different recipient mice was examined by alcian blue (AB) staining (top, H), and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the mucin-2 level in the colon using a mucin-2 antibody (bottom, H) (scale bar, 50 μm). The positive-stained cells are shown in brown (H, I). J Relative mRNA levels of colon tight junction proteins, including Tjp-1, occludin, and claudin-3, from the indicated mice as determined by qPCR (n = 7). K, L Protein levels of colon ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-3 were measured using western blotting (n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (B, D–G, I, J, L), and one-way ANOVA was performed followed by Tukey’s test (B, D–G, I, J, L). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significance

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