Fig. 2

Mastitis cows have distinct ruminal microbiota compositions. A Milk somatic cell count (SCC) in the H and M groups (n = 8). Serum TNF-α (B), IL-1β (C), and LPS levels (D) were determined in the H and M groups (n = 8). E PCoA score plots for the ruminal samples indicating the separation of the ruminal microbiota structure (R² = 0.11395, P = 0.002) from the H and M groups based on the unweighted UniFrac distance (n = 8). F Observed species in ruminal microbiota of the H and M groups (n = 8). G The Chao1 index showed that the M group had increased alpha diversity compared with the H group (n = 8). H Bacterial composition at the phylum level from the indicated groups. I LEfSe analysis was performed to indicate the different bacterial taxa enriched in the H and M groups (log₁₀LDA score > 3.5). J Spearman correlation between the ruminal microbiota and inflammatory parameters from the H and M groups. Red color denotes a positive correlation, while blue denotes a negative correlation. The intensity of the color is proportional to the strength of the Spearman correlation. Data are expressed using boxplots and the Mann-Whitney U test was performed (A–D, F, G). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 indicate significance. H, heathy; M, mastitis