Fig. 3
Host of origin and dominant taxa are the main drivers of differences in microbial composition among host and Ascaris. A Bacterial composition in Ascaris and its host jejunum microbiome. Composition of worms and host-associated microbiomes do not show a clear pattern of relative abundance linked to the host; nevertheless, we observed six dominant bacteria represented by Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Escherichia-Shigella, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Romboutsia, and Streptococcus as bacteria with the higher relative abundance, dominating the communities. All nondominant taxa were shown as a single group. B The similarity of Ascaris and jejunum microbiome compositions is determined by the individual of origin. Microbial composition restricted to the six dominant taxa among host jejunum, and the microbiome from Ascaris worms infecting them shows differences detectable via nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Individual pigs explain most of the variation (45%) PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.454, p < 0.01; ANOSIM, R = 0.421, p < 0.01). Arrows represent the top ASVs (genus level) linked to NMDS axes; their length reflects the relative importance of the ASV on the respective axes. C The jejunum and Ascaris samples clustered based on their dominant bacteria. Detecting dominant bacteria (most dominant genus within each community) showed worms and jejunum belonging to the same dominant bacteria cluster (ANOSIM, R = 0.776, p < 0.01). Together with (B), it was possible to confirm that the individual host and the dominant bacteria are the most relevant factors linked to the clustering of the samples