Fig. 3

B. longum_MG723 and B. bifidum_MG731 enhance OXPHOS in white adipose tissues via potentiation of bile acid signaling. a Wet weights of inguinal WAT (iWAT) and gonadal WAT (gWAT) in HFD-fed mice treated with vehicle, B. longum_MG723 or B. bifidum_MG731 for 10 weeks (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. b Histological analysis of gWAT. Left panel: hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Right panel: immunohistochemistry (IHC) images of macrophage. Scale bar, 100 μm. c Gene expression profile of inflammatory cytokines in gWAT (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. d GSEA from gWAT transcriptome. e Serum bile acid pool size (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. f Hepatic gene expression profile involved in bile acid synthesis (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. g Colonic gene expression profile of FXR target genes (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. h GSEA from the colonic transcriptome. i Representative brown adipose tissue (BAT) histological section images. Scale bar, 100 μm. j Gene expression profiles of thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in BAT (n = 5 per group). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. For all graphs, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001, ns, non-significant