Fig. 1

16S rRNA sequencing and analysis of human stool samples predict to find obesity-related gut microbiome. a Study design for human and animal experimental investigations. The clinical cohort was subgrouped by the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), body mass index (BMI), fatty liver, waist circumference (WC), γGTP, and blood triglyceride levels (TG). SPF, specific pathogen-free; GF, germ-free. Mice experiments were performed to investigate whether the Bifidobacterium strains protect against high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. b Patient enrollment, treatment, and follow-up regimens. A total of 99 human samples were included in the analysis and were divided by various clinical indices. c Representative computed tomography (CT) measurement of VAT. M; male, F; female. d Pearson correlation between VAT and BMI in human donors. e Relative abundance of Firmicutes. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided unpaired t test. f A bar plot of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores from the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method illustrates the relative abundances of taxa that differ significantly between groups. g Heatmap of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between 21 clinical markers and 12 obesity-associated taxa. green; high abundance in small VAT, red; high abundance in large VAT. CRP; C-reactive protein, T cholesterol; total cholesterol, HDL; high-density lipoprotein, LDL; low-density lipoprotein, SBP; systolic blood pressure, DBP; diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c; hemoglobin A1c, BUN; blood urea nitrogen, ALT; alanine aminotransferase. AST; aspartate aminotransferase, p; phylum, c; class, o; order, f; family, g; genus, s; species. For all graphs, *p<0.05