Fig. 5

Taxonomic and functional diversity of cancer and autoimmune-associated microbiome. Taxonomic relatedness of bacterial genus (a) and species (b) in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The bars represent the total number of studies where the respective taxa were found to be significantly increased or decreased. The colors of the clades denote Phylum. The heatmap (c) shows 320 distinct metabolic pathways that were exclusively found in either cancer or autoimmune-increased taxa. The pathways were predicted from a list of cancer and autoimmune microbiomes by querying the metaCyc database using MACADAM [115]. The color scale shows pathway completeness score. Pathway completeness score 1 indicates the respective bacterial taxa contains a full set of metabolic potentials to complete the pathway. The left cluster is likely autoimmune-specific microbial pathways, and the right big cluster is likely cancer-specific microbial pathways. A complete list of these pathways can be found in the Supplementary file 2. The scatterplot (d) shows the number of pathways (dot size) with specific pathway score features between cancer and autoimmune microbes