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Fig. 5 | Microbiome

Fig. 5

From: Deficiency of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)-1 in mice augments glucose intolerance, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis associated with Western diet

Fig. 5

8-week WD reduces Epac1 protein expression in the EWAT, and Epac1 deficiency in mice exacerbates inflammation. All mice were 16-week-old (8-week-old + RD or WD for 8 weeks). a Representative Western blot image showing Epac1 protein expression was detected in the EWAT of RD and WD-fed WT and Epac2–/– mice, but not Epac1–/– mice (top panel). Scatterplots showing quantification of Epac1 protein expression in the EWAT of WT and Epac2–/– mice (n = 3/genotype/diet) (bottom left panel), and all mice regardless of genotype fed RD or WD (n = 6/diet) (bottom right panel). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by unpaired Student’s t test. b,c RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA concentrations of b pro-inflammatory markers, TNF-α, PAI-1, and TGF-β. c Macrophage infiltration markers, MCP-1, F4/80 (n = 4–6/genotype/diet). d Serum LCN2 protein concentration (n = 7–8/genotype/diet). All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001

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