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Fig. 3 | Microbiome

Fig. 3

From: Deficiency of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC)-1 in mice augments glucose intolerance, inflammation, and gut dysbiosis associated with Western diet

Fig. 3

Significant alterations in GM composition at genus and species levels due to WD feeding or Epac1/ Epac2 deficiency. All data are from 16-week-old mice (8-week-old + RD or WD for 8 weeks) (n = 7–8/diet/genotype). a PLS-DA scatterplots showing that WD feeding caused a marked shift in GM communities in WT, Epac1–/–, and Epac2–/– compared to their respective RD-fed groups. Axis title details the percentage of variation explained by each dimension. b Scatterplots showing the relative abundance of bacterial genera with significant differences between the 6 groups (3 genotypes × 2 diets); for the sake of clarity, the genera were plotted in separate graphs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM and statistical significance was analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 vs. RD-fed WT mice; aaP<0.01, aaaaP<0.0001 vs. RD-fed Epac1–/– mice; bbP<0.01 vs. RD-fed Epac2–/– mice, cP<0.05 vs. WD-fed WT mice. c Relative abundance heatmap of predominant bacterial species and changes in species abundance detected due to WD feeding or Epac1/ Epac2 deficiency in a shotgun analysis performed using a composite DNA sample of fecal DNA pooled from 6 mice in each of the six groups (3 genotypes × 2 diets). The colored tiles in the body of the heatmaps indicate the relative abundance of the bacterial species; the scalebar is alongside the heatmap

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