Fig. 1

Characterization of baseline GM of WT, Epac1^–/–, and Epac2^–/– mice under physiological conditions. All data are from 8-week-old mice fed the RD. 16S rRNA gene sequencing data were used to determine the abundance of bacterial taxa (n = 8/genotype). a Stacked barplots showing the mean relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial phyla detected in each genotype. b Scatterplots showing that Epac2^–/– mice had a significantly higher f/b ratio compared to WT and Epac1^–/– mice. c PLS-DA scatterplot showing distinct baseline GM in different genotypes. Axis title details the percentage of variation explained by each dimension. d Scatterplots showing the relative abundance of bacterial genera with significant differences between the genotypes; for the sake of clarity, the genera were plotted in separate graphs. The black, red, and blue colors represent WT, Epac1^–/–, and Epac2^–/– mice, respectively (b–d). Data are presented as mean (a) and mean ± SEM (b, d). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001; (a) *P<0.05 vs. WT and ^^P<0.01 vs. Epac1^−/− mice