Fig. 1

Antibiotic treatment for microbiota depletion. The magnitude by which the ABX (ampicillin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin) depleted the specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken (n = 6) gut microbiota was assessed by a Chao1, b Shannon, c Venn diagram, and d PCoA plot based on unweighted Unifrac analysis. Data are from two independent experiments. Biological replicates for each sample are three. P values were determined using unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t tests. **P < 0.01