Fig. 4

Genome-wide epigenetic analysis of Pelagibacter MAG across samples. a The UpSet plot compares GANTC methylation at each genome position on a Pelagibacter MAG (SHIPPO_PRO_33) across samples. More than 0.5 of the methylation fractions were considered methylated at each genome position; the color of each bar depends on the genic (G: green), intergenic (I: navy), and regulatory region (R: orange). The column bar indicates the intersection of the number of methylation positions on the MAG across samples. The left bar represents the total number of methylated positions on the MAG for each sample. b Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) clustering by SNMV and SNV based on the Bray–Curtis distance on overlapped regions for all samples. c A model of the methylation pattern according to the cell-cycle progression in Alphaproteobacteria. d The methylation fraction comparisons of the GANTC motif between genomic regions of ori (replication origin), ter (replication terminus), and other regions. e The genome-wide distribution of methylated fractions for the GANTC motif indicates the trend of cell-cycle progress throughout the genome. MAG: metagenome-assembled genome; SHIPPO: Shipborne Pole-to-Pole Observations; SNMV: single nucleotide methylation variation; SNV: single nucleotide variant