Fig. 3

a Prevalence of the bacterial genera exhibiting a negative, positive, or no change in relative abundance with age. Boxes represent the interquartile range (IQ), which contains the middle 50% of the records, and a line across the box indicates the median. Vertical lines extend from the upper and lower edges of the box to the highest and lowest values which are no greater than 1.5 times the IQ range. Circles represent outliers. b Prevalence is qualitatively expressed as core and noncore taxa, and pie charts present the proportion of core and noncore taxa among the bacterial genera decreasing, showing no change, or increasing in relative abundance with age; core taxa are present in ≥ 90% of samples. c Relationship between female’s age and the relative abundance of bacterial genera associated with inflammation. The regression line and confidence interval are derived from generalized linear mixed models with beta error distribution, controlling for dummy-coded and centered social group, gestation status, and season of sampling