Fig. 3

Core and location-specific ARG components of A. cerana. a Relative abundance of the core ARGs detected in > 50% of A. cerana samples (core of country-wide) and those detected in > 50% samples only from certain locations (core of specific locations). Other ARGs occurred only in < 50% samples of any sampling sites. b Distribution of the six group of ARGs (Core of country-wide) in bees from different locations. Different letters (a, b, c, d) above each bar stand for statistical differences between A. cerana sampling sites (LSD test, P < 0.05). c The presence of the core ARG groups specific to different locations