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Table 1 Summary of methods used in King George Island studies

From: Antimicrobial resistance in Antarctica: is it still a pristine environment?

Study

Initial culture media

Antibiotic susceptibility test

Molecular analyses

Hernádez et al. (2012) [56]

ChromoCult® Coliform Agar ES Uniselect4 plates

Disc diffusion: EUCAST

q-RT PCR 3 primer sets

Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST)

Tam et al. (2015) [30]

LB, R2A and Marine agar 2216

Disc diffusion using prescience/absence of inhibition

Colony screening by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and 16S rDNA

Rabbia et al. (2016) [58]

ChromoCult® Coliform Agar ES

Disc diffusion: CLSI

Fingerprint analysis using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

Yuan et al. (2019) [39]

LB media

Disc diffusion: CLSI

Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500 100bp PE

Na et al. (2019) [47]

None

None

16S rRNA plus qRT-PCR of 4 ARGs

Hernández et al. (2019) [57]

ChromoCult® Coliform Agar ES

Disc diffusion: CLSI

None

Laganà et al. (2019) [61]

Marine agar 2216

Kirby Bauer test: EUCAST and CLSI

16S rRNA plus restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis

Jara et al. (2020) [51]

R2A agar

Disc diffusion: CLSI

16S rRNA plus PCR of 20 ARGs

Na et al. (2021) [63]

Beef extract peptone agar

Disc diffusion: CLSI

16S rDNA plus qRT-PCR of circa 300 primer sets for ARGs