Table 1 Baseline maternal and infant characteristics

  Maternal Age (years), median (IQR)

263

32 (29, 36)

32 (29, 35)

32 (29, 37)

0.1248^W

  Employed,n(%)

263

229 (87.1)

110 (86.6)

119 (87.5)

0.8527^F

  Education,n(%)

263

< .0001^F

   Primary/junior secondary

47 (17.9)

3 (2.4)

44 (32.4)

   Senior secondary

81 (30.8)

26 (20.5)

55 (40.4)

   Tertiary

135 (51.3)

98 (77.2)

37 (27.2)

  Married,n(%)

263

213 (81.0)

124 (97.6)

89 (65.4)

< .0001^F

  Parity,n(%)

262

0.0388^F

   Primip

74 (28.2)

44 (34.9)

30 (22.1)

   2–4

181 (69.1)

80 (63.5)

101 (74.3)

   > 4

7 (2.7)

2 (1.6)

5 (3.7)

  CD4 Count (cells/mm³), median (IQR)

136

428.5 (285, 566)

  Gender, female,n(%)

272

118 (43.5)

60 (45.8)

58 (41.4)

0.4496^F

  Delivery type,n(%)

272

0.4183^F

   Vaginal

186 (68.4)

92 (70.2)

94 (66.7)

   Cesarean section

86 (31.6)

39 (29.8)

47 (33.3)

  Premature delivery,n(%)

268

20 (7.5)

7 (5.4)

13 (9.4)

0.2486^F

  Birth weight (Kg), median (IQR)

271

3 (2.7, 3.4)

3.2 (2.8, 3.5)

2.9 (2.5, 3.25)

< .0001^W

  Birth weight <2.5 Kg,n(%)

271

33 (12.2)

12 (9.2)

21 (15.0)

0.1793^F

  Weight-for-age

271

− 0.71 (1.2)

0.39 (1.2)

− 1.01 (1.2)

< .0001^T

  Meconium microbiome Shannon diversity, median (IQR)

176

1.75 (1.2, 2.3)

1.71 (1.2, 2.2)

1.78 (1.1, 2.3)

0.7386^W

  Exclusive breastfeeding (6 months),n(%)

246

112 (45.5)

72 (62.1)

40 (30.8)

< .0001^F

  Breastfeeding duration (months), median (IQR)

272

6 (1, 9)

9 (9, 15)

1 (1, 6)

< .0001^W

  Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use (6 months),n(%)

246

131 (53.3)

15 (12.9)

116 (89.2)

< .0001^W

  Antibiotic use (6 months),n(%)

257

111 (43.2)

35 (29.7)

76 (54.7)

< .0001^W