Fig. 4

Multivariate unsupervised principal component analysis for the metabolomes of the calves’ fecal samples. Data were obtained using CE-TOFMS analysis for donor (n = 9), recipient 0 (n = 9), recipient 1 (n = 9), and recipient 7 (n = 9) in successful FMT treatment, and for donor (n = 3), recipient 0 (n = 3), recipient 1 (n = 3), and recipient 7 (n = 3) in unsuccessful FMT treatment. a Fecal metabolomics analysis to identify potential biomarkers. b Variable importance in projection (VIP) scores obtained from the partial least squares discriminant analysis for donors (at day 0) and recipients (on days 0, 1, and 7). c, d Heatmaps based on the group-based relative concentration of the major metabolites responsible for ABC transporters, lipid and fatty acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and others in both successful and unsuccessful FMT treatment cases. Major metabolites for lipid and fatty acid metabolism are based on relative area. Each colored cell on the map corresponds to a concentration value, with samples shown in rows and metabolites in columns (donor and recipient n numbers in successful and unsuccessful FMT treatment cases are the same as those shown above)