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Fig. 2 | Microbiome

Fig. 2

From: A mouse model of occult intestinal colonization demonstrating antibiotic-induced outgrowth of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Fig. 2

Ampicillin, vancomycin, and azithromycin induce outgrowth of occult K. pneumoniae. a Mice were orally gavaged with 105 CFU of K. pneumoniae at day 0 (triangle) and treated with antibiotic at day 7 for 2 weeks (orange region). Days of stool collection are marked by circles. b, c CFU of K. pneumoniae in b stool at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and c cecal contents at day 21. The dotted line marks the limit of detection for CFU. N=5–11. d Alpha diversity (number of amplicon sequence variants or ASVs) of antibiotic-treated microbiota at day 14. e Same experiment as (a), but the bacteria gavaged were other carbapenemase producing strains of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, or E. coli, followed by ampicillin treatment. Levels of Enterobacteriaceae in stool at day 21. Measurement was done by qPCR using primers at blaKPC gene. N=4–9. For b and e, Fisher’s exact test with Hommel correction for multiple testing was used to compare numbers of mice showing outgrowth versus no-outgrowth in inoculated mice to those in the PBS control group. Outgrowth is defined by detected CFU > 0. For d, Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to test significance, followed by pairwise Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U tests to compare each treatment group against the control group. *p value < 0.05, **p value < 0.01, ***p value < 0.001

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