Fig. 6

Increased SCFAs correlated with changes in glycemic control, commensal microbiota, and immune cell changes. A Heatmap of Pearson r values between relative abundance of SCFAs and clinical data. *Adjusted P < 0.05. **Adjusted P < 0.01. Stool and plasma short-chain fatty acids are hierarchically clustered based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. B Pearson r values at each timepoint between plasma butyrate, HbA1c, and daily basal insulin. Grey shading represents 95% confidence interval. C Heatmap of regression coefficients determined by GEEGLM between bacterial taxa and pathways with stool and plasma SCFAs and glycemic markers across all three timepoints. Bacterial pathways and taxa are hierarchically clustered based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. D Heatmap of significant regression coefficients across all three timepoints determined by GEEGLM between bacterial taxa that significantly changed across time (adj P < 0.05) and/or those correlated with SCFA and glycemic markers in (C) and significantly altered immune subsets (adj P < 0.05). *Adjusted P < 0.05, **adjusted P < 0.01, ***adjusted P < 0.001