Fig. 4

Relative abundance of Bifido-1.4 is associated with host genetic variants. a Genome-wide Manhattan plot: each dot represents the -log of the p value for the association of the SNP with the relative abundance of Bifido-1.4. The red box highlights the associated locus on chromosome 13 containing the gene gluR-B. The threshold for genome-wide significance was corrected for multiple testing with a weighted Bonferroni adjustment. The threshold value was set at -log(p) > 2e−8. We used both the General Linear Model (GLM) and Mixed Linear Model (MLM) for the association tests. b Quantile-quantile plot showing deviation from the expected distribution of p values. The diagonal (red) line represents the expected distribution. c Close-up plots of ~ 0.4-Mb window around the SNPs with the highest associations. The coloring of each circle is proportional to the significance. The exon-intron architecture of the gluR-B gene and two neighboring genes (LOC408435, LOC422843) are shown at the bottom. d Relative abundance of the Bifido-1.4 SDP in bees with different genotypes at the gluR-B-associated SNP (chr13-7527228; p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test)