Fig. 7

Supplementation with liposaccharide (LPS) does not normalize alterations in GI function induced by antibiotic (Abx) treatment. a Male mice treated with Abx were either supplemented with LPS (50 μg/ml) in the drinking water concomitant with Abx treatment (Abx + LPS) or after 14 days of Abx treatment (Abx + LPS at d14). Experiments were performed between 21-28 days after the beginning of the Abx treatment. b Body weight variation over the course of the experiment (two-way ANOVA). c–e Intestinal anatomical parameters; c cecal wet weight, d small intestinal length, and e colon length. f Fecal pellet wet weight and g wet:dry ratio of the feces measured after a 1-h novel environment stress. h Ion transport evaluated in ileal preparations mounted in Ussing chambers after stimulation with veratridine (10μM) or carbachol (100μM). i Whole gut transit time. j Small intestinal transit distance (as a % of total intestinal length) measured 15 min after gavage with dye. k Distal colonic motility measured by bead expulsion time. l Intestinal permeability assessed by fluorescein-5-6-sulfonic acid (FSA) concentration in the serum 4 h after gavage with FSA. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n = 4–5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test