Fig. 4
From: Polyamine metabolism links gut microbiota and testicular dysfunction
Spermine ameliorated metabolites and influenced the offspring. a PCA score plot for testis metabolome (integration of ESI+ and ESI−) and metabolites improved by spermine (control vs TP: **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001; TP vs SP+TP: ●P < 0.05, ●●P < 0.01, and ●●●P < 0.001; red represented the increase, while green represented the decrease, n = 6). b mRNA level of genes related to early and late spermatogenic events (n = 6). c mRNA and protein level of HSP70s (n = 6). d Total pups for each group and pups for each female mouse. e OPLS-DA score plot for plasma metabolome of the offspring (ESI+ and ESI− modes, n = 7). f Metabolites improved by spermine in plasma of the offspring (n = 7). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001