Fig. 1

TP induced testicular toxicity and metabolic disruption. a Tissue index (tissue weight/body weight × 100%). b, c H&E staining, tubular diameter, epithelium height and lumen width of the testis. d mRNA level of genes involved in early and late spermatogenic events. e Reversibility and time-dependent effect of TP-induced testicular toxicity. f PCA score plot and OPLS-DA S-plot for testis metabolome detected in ESI+ and ESI− modes. g Spearman’s correlation between the altered metabolites and indicators of testicular injury. ***P < 0.001 (n = 6). NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid